The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry
Volume 20, Issue 3 , Pages 227-234 , March 2009

Effects of isoflavone supplements vs. soy foods on blood concentrations of genistein and daidzein in adults

  • Christopher D. Gardner

      Affiliations

    • Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA 94305-5705, USA
    • Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA 94305-5705, USA
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5705, USA. Tel.: +1 650 725 2751; fax: +1 650 498 7623.
    • ,
  • Lorraine M. Chatterjee

      Affiliations

    • Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA 94305-5705, USA
    • Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA 94305-5705, USA
    • ,
  • Adrian A. Franke

      Affiliations

    • Cancer Research Center of Hawai‘I, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA

Received 17 September 2007 ,Revised 15 February 2008 ,Accepted 20 February 2008.

References 

  1. Clarkson TB. Soy, soy phytoestrogens and cardiovascular disease. J Nutr. 2002;132(3):566S–569S
  2. Messina MJ, Persky V, Setchell KD, Barnes S. Soy intake and cancer risk: a review of the in vitro and in vivo data. Nutr Cancer. 1994;21(2):113–131
  3. Messina M, Hughes C. Efficacy of soyfoods and soybean isoflavone supplements for alleviating menopausal symptoms is positively related to initial hot flush frequency. J Med Food. 2003;6(1):1–11
  4. Messina MJ. Emerging evidence on the role of soy in reducing prostate cancer risk. Nutr Rev. 2003;61(4):117–131
  5. Nestel P. Isoflavones: their effects on cardiovascular risk and functions. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2003;14(1):3–8
  6. Setchell KD, Lydeking-Olsen E. Dietary phytoestrogens and their effect on bone: evidence from in vitro and in vivo, human observational, and dietary intervention studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;78(3 Suppl):593S–609S
  7. Cheong JM, Martin BR, Jackson GS, et al. Soy isoflavones do not affect bone resorption in postmenopausal women: a dose-response study using a novel approach with 41Ca. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92(2):577–582
  8. Kreijkamp-Kaspers S, Kok L, Grobbee DE, et al. Effect of soy protein containing isoflavones on cognitive function, bone mineral density, and plasma lipids in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004;292(1):65–74
  9. Sacks FM, Lichtenstein A, Van Horn L, Harris W, Kris-Etherton P, Winston M. Soy protein, isoflavones, and cardiovascular health: an American Heart Association Science Advisory for professionals from the Nutrition Committee. Circulation. 2006;113(7):1034–1044
  10. St Germain A, Peterson CT, Robinson JG, Alekel DL. Isoflavone-rich or isoflavone-poor soy protein does not reduce menopausal symptoms during 24 weeks of treatment. Menopause. 2001;8(1):17–26
  11. Chen XW, Garner SC, Anderson JJ. Isoflavones regulate interleukin-6 and osteoprotegerin synthesis during osteoblast cell differentiation via an estrogen-receptor-dependent pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2002;295(2):417–422
  12. Kostelac D, Rechkemmer G, Briviba K. Phytoestrogens modulate binding response of estrogen receptors alpha and beta to the estrogen response element. J Agric Food Chem. 2003;51(26):7632–7635
  13. Mitropoulou TN, Tzanakakis GN, Nikitovic D, Tsatsakis A, Karamanos NK. In vitro effects of genistein on the synthesis and distribution of glycosaminoglycans/proteoglycans by estrogen receptor-positive and -negative human breast cancer epithelial cells. Anticancer Res. 2002;22(5):2841–2846
  14. Morito K, Hirose T, Kinjo J, et al. Interaction of phytoestrogens with estrogen receptors alpha and beta. Biol Pharm Bull. 2001;24(4):351–356
  15. Faughnan MS, Hawdon A, Ah-Singh E, Brown J, Millward DJ, Cassidy A. Urinary isoflavone kinetics: the effect of age, gender, food matrix and chemical composition. Br J Nutr. 2004;91(4):567–574
  16. King RA, Bursill DB. Plasma and urinary kinetics of the isoflavones daidzein and genistein after a single soy meal in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998;67(5):867–872
  17. Setchell KD, Faughnan MS, Avades T, et al. Comparing the pharmacokinetics of daidzein and genistein with the use of 13C-labeled tracers in premenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;77(2):411–419
  18. Watanabe S, Yamaguchi M, Sobue T, et al. Pharmacokinetics of soybean isoflavones in plasma, urine and feces of men after ingestion of 60 g baked soybean powder (kinako). J Nutr. 1998;128(10):1710–1715
  19. Zubik L, Meydani M. Bioavailability of soybean isoflavones from aglycone and glucoside forms in American women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;77(6):1459–1465
  20. Wiseman H, Casey K, Bowey EA, et al. Influence of 10 wk of soy consumption on plasma concentrations and excretion of isoflavonoids and on gut microflora metabolism in healthy adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80(3):692–699
  21. Xu X, Wang HJ, Murphy PA, Cook L, Hendrich S. Daidzein is a more bioavailable soymilk isoflavone than is genistein in adult women. J Nutr. 1994;124(6):825–832
  22. Bloedon LT, Jeffcoat AR, Lopaczynski W, et al. Safety and pharmacokinetics of purified soy isoflavones: single-dose administration to postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;76(5):1126–1137
  23. Busby MG, Jeffcoat AR, Bloedon LT, et al. Clinical characteristics and pharmacokinetics of purified soy isoflavones: single-dose administration to healthy men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;75(1):126–136
  24. Setchell KD, Brown NM, Desai PB, et al. Bioavailability, disposition, and dose–response effects of soy isoflavones when consumed by healthy women at physiologically typical dietary intakes. J Nutr. 2003;133(4):1027–1035
  25. Hutchins AM, Slavin JL, Lampe JW. Urinary isoflavonoid phytoestrogen and lignan excretion after consumption of fermented and unfermented soy products. J Am Diet Assoc. 1995;95(5):545–551
  26. Izumi T, Piskula MK, Osawa S, et al. Soy isoflavone aglycones are absorbed faster and in higher amounts than their glucosides in humans. J Nutr. 2000;130(7):1695–1699
  27. Richelle M, Pridmore-Merten S, Bodenstab S, Enslen M, Offord EA. Hydrolysis of isoflavone glycosides to aglycones by beta-glycosidase does not alter plasma and urine isoflavone pharmacokinetics in postmenopausal women. J Nutr. 2002;132(9):2587–2592
  28. Setchell KD, Brown NM, Desai P, et al. Bioavailability of pure isoflavones in healthy humans and analysis of commercial soy isoflavone supplements. J Nutr. 2001;131(4 Suppl):1362S–1375S
  29. Zheng Y, Sun-Ok L, Verbruggen MA, Murphy PA, Hendrich S. The apparent absorptions of isoflavone glucosides and aglucons are similar in women and are increased by rapid gut transit time and low fecal isoflavone degradation. J Nutr. 2004;134:2534–2539
  30. Cassidy A, Brown JE, Hawdon A, et al. Factors affecting the bioavailability of soy isoflavones in humans after ingestion of physiologically relevant levels from different soy foods. J Nutr. 2006;136(1):45–51
  31. Kano M, Takayanagi T, Harada K, Sawada S, Ishikawa F. Bioavailability of isoflavones after ingestion of soy beverages in healthy adults. J Nutr. 2006;136(9):2291–2296
  32. Reinli K, Block G. Phytoestrogen content of foods — a compendium of literature values. Nutr Cancer. 1996;26(2):123–148
  33. Franke AA, Hankin JH, Yu MC, Maskarinec G, Low SH, Custer LJ. Isoflavone levels in soy foods consumed by multiethnic populations in Singapore and Hawaii. J Agric Food Chem. 1999;47(3):977–986
  34. Franke AA, Custer LJ, Wilkens LR, et al. Liquid chromatographic-photodiode array mass spectrometric analysis of dietary phytoestrogens from human urine and blood. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2002;777(1-2):45–59
  35. Cline JM, Franke AA, Register TC, Golden DL, Adams MR. Effects of dietary isoflavone aglycones on the reproductive tract of male and female mice. Toxicol Pathol. 2004;32(1):91–99
  36. Blair RM, Appt SE, Franke AA, Clarkson TB. Treatment with antibiotics reduces plasma equol concentration in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). J Nutr. 2003;133(7):2262–2267
  37. Manach C, Williamson G, Morand C, Scalbert A, Remesy C. Bioavailability and bioefficacy of polyphenols in humans: I. Review of 97 bioavailability studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;81(1 Suppl):230S–242S
  38. Frank RA, van der Klaauw NJ. The contribution of chemosensory factors to individual differences in reported food preferences. Appetite. 1994;22(2):101–123
  39. Franke AA, Custer LJ, Hundahl SA. Determinants for urinary and plasma isoflavones in humans after soy intake. Nutr Cancer. 2004;50(2):141–154
  40. Lee SJ, Ahn JK, Kim SH, et al. Variation in isoflavone of soybean cultivars with location and storage duration. J Agric Food Chem. 2003;51(11):3382–3389
  41. Arai Y, Watanabe S, Kimira M, Shimoi K, Mochizuki R, Kinae N. Dietary intakes of flavonols, flavones and isoflavones by Japanese women and the inverse correlation between quercetin intake and plasma LDL cholesterol concentration. J Nutr. 2000;130(9):2243–2250
  42. Kelly GE, Nelson C, Waring MA, Joannou GE, Reeder AY. Metabolites of dietary (soya) isoflavones in human urine. Clin Chim Acta. 1993;223(1-2):9–22
  43. Kirkman LM, Lampe JW, Campbell DR, Martini MC, Slavin JL. Urinary lignan and isoflavonoid excretion in men and women consuming vegetable and soy diets. Nutr Cancer. 1995;24(1):1–12
  44. Lu LJ, Anderson KE. Sex and long-term soy diets affect the metabolism and excretion of soy isoflavones in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998;68(6 Suppl):1500S–1504S
  45. Setchell KD, Borriello SP, Hulme P, Kirk DN, Axelson M. Nonsteroidal estrogens of dietary origin: possible roles in hormone-dependent disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 1984;40(3):569–578

☆ This investigation was supported by NIH grants R01 000486 and P30 CA71789, and by Human Health Service grant M01-RR00070 from the National Center for Research Resources, National Institutes of Health.

PII: S0955-2863(08)00076-4

doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2008.02.008

The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry
Volume 20, Issue 3 , Pages 227-234 , March 2009

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution